O Level Revision : Shona - Mazita nezvisazitasingwi

Mazita

Zita izwi rinoshandiswa kudaidza, kudoma kana kutaura chinhu kana zvinhu. Kungave kudoma vanhu, nzvimbo nemidziyo yatinoshandisa nezvimwewo. Sokuti:

Mazita anoita kuti zvireruke kutaura pamusoro pezvakasiyana-siyana muupenyu.

Zvakakosha zvinobvunzwa pachipandi ichi:

• tsananguro yemazita nekuanyurura muzvinyorwa;
• kuisa mazita mumipanda;
• kuzivawo zvinoreva uye zvakamiririrwa nemipanda yakasiyana-siyana;
• kutaridza mavakirwe emazita; kudoma zvivakashure nemadzitsi pamazita anenge apiwa.

Maumbirwo emazita

Mazita anoumbwa seizvi: Chivakashure chezita  +  Dzitsi rezita Sokuti:

mu-        +     -nhu

mu-        +     -riwo

Ø-          +     -baba

(ri-)        +     -panga

Cherechedzo: Zvivakashure zviviri zvinogona kubatanidzwa padzitsi rimwe chete kuumba zita, sokuti:

tu-va-nhu                                                 ka-mu-nhu pa-mu-rume                                             pa-ru-ware mu-mi-sha

Chivakashure chezita

Ichi ndicho chiumbazwi chokutanga pazita. Chinoshandiswa pakuisa kana kuronga mazita mumipanda yawo. Chipenga ichi chinotakura pfungwa dzakasiyana-siyana. Chinogona kupa pfungwa yeushoma, uzhinji, mhumhu nezvimwewo.

Mhando dzezvivakashure

(i)   Chivakashure chedanho rekutanga

Chinoshanda nguva nenguva kuburitsa maonekerwo anoitwa chinhu pasina kutsanangura, sokuti:

mu- + -kadzi                                     mw- + -ana                                              mu- + -rume

(ii)  Chivakashure chedanho rechipiri/ Chivakashure chinotsanangura

Ichi chinopa dzimwe pfungwa pamusoro pezita, sokuti:

ka- + -mwana              ru- + -mbwa           zi- + -rume                chi- + -kadzi               chi- + -sikana

Mukutaura kwamazuva ose tinoziva kuti kune mwana kwete kamwana, murume kwete zirume, saka kana zvadai zvava kureva kuti pane zvimwe zvatinofanira kuongorora pamwana kana pamurume uyu zviri kuda kuburitswa nematauriro akadai. Zvivakashure izvi zvinogona kupa pfungwa yokushora kana kurumbidza chinhu kana munhu pachimiro chake.

Dzitsi rezita

Dzitsi chivakiso chinoratidza zvinoreva zita racho. Dzitsi musimboti wezita, harishanduki kunyange rikabatanidzwa nezvivakashure zvakasiyana, sokuti:

mu- + -sikana va-  + -sikana tu-   + -sikana chi- + -sikana chi- + -rume svi- + -rume

Cherechedzo:   Nokuda kwokuti dzitsi harishanduki, madzitsi emazita emupanda 5 anofanira kutaridzwa ari sezvaari kune mimwe mipanda mizhinji, sokuti:

(ri-) + - panga  kwete (ri-) + -banga

Kune mimwe mipanda tinoona kuti dzitsi iri harishanduki, sokuti:

ma- +  -panga (6) svi- + -panga (19) chi- + -panga (7)

Mipanda yemazita

Mazita anogona kurongwa achipinda mumapoka anonzi mipanda yamazita.

Mupanda 1

Chivakashure/mu-/

Unoshanda  nechivakashure  /mu-/ chichireva munhu mumwe chete, sokuti:

Chivakashure /mu-/chinogona kubatana  nemadzitsi anotaura basa romunhu, sokuti;

Chivakashure /mu-/ chinogona kuva /mw-/pamazita ane madzitsi anotanga nenzvovera. Chinonzi nzvovera

mavara anoti a, e, i, o na u, somuenzaniso:

Mupanda 2

Chivakashure /va-/

Mupanda wavanhu muuzhinji.

Apa ndipo paya panoshanda sungano youshoma nouwandu. Mazita omupanda 1 akaiswa muuzhinji anopinda

Chivakashure /va-/ chinogona kuonekwa sa /v-/ kana chashandiswa nezita rine dzitsi rinotanga nenzvovera.

Cherechedzo:   KuChiManyika chivakashure /va-/ chinogona kuonekwa sa /a-/. Sokuti:

asikana akomana

Mupanda  1a

Mupanda uyu hauna chivakashure chinoonekwa, nokudaro unomirirwa na/Ø-/.

Mazita aya anenge ari muushoma. Mupanda uyu unopinda mazita akasiyana-siyana, anoti:

(a)  Mazita chaiwo anodaidzwa nawo vanhu. Mazita aya anoonekwa nekutanga nevara guru, sokuti:

(b)  Mazita oukama, sokuti:

Cherechedzo:   Humwe hukama hunotanga na/mu-/ hunopinda mumupanda 1, sokuti:

muzukuru

muramu

(c)  Mazita akakweretwa kubva kune mimwe mitauro achitaura basa romunhu, sokuti:

(d)  Mazita asinganyatsotendeki kana kutaura munhu kana chinhu, sokuti:

(e)   Mazita anotaura nguva, sokuti:

Mupanda 2a

Uyu mupanda weremekedzo. Chivakashure /va-/. semienzaniso:

Cherechedzo:   Chivakashure chemupanda uyu chinogona kuonekwa sa /a-/ kuChiManyika. Mienzaniso: atezvara, asekuru, atete.

Mupanda 2b

Unopinda mazita anoti amai naambuya nemazitaumbiridzwa anenge aine mazita maviri iwaya sechikamu. Chivakashure /a-/, sokuti:

Mupanda 3

Chivakashure/mu-/

Mupanda 3 unowanikwa mazita ezvinu zvakasiyana-siyana muChiShona. Mienzaniso:

Chivakashure /mu-/ chinoonekwa sa /mw-/ pamadzitsi anotanga nenzvovera. Mienzaniso:

Chivakashure /mu-/ chinova /m-/ pamadzitsi anoti /-oto/ na /-oyo/. Sokuti:

Mupanda 4

Chivakashure /mi-/

Mazita ari mumupanda uyu uzhinji hwemazita emupanda 3. Mienzaniso:

Mamwe mazita anoramba ane zvivakashure zvaanga anazvo kumupanda 3. Mienzaniso:

Mupanda 5

Chivakashure ndi/(ri-)/ Mupanda 5 unosanganisira:

(i)   mazita emhuka dzakaita segudo, gunguwo, datya nedzimwewo.

(ii)  mazita anotaridza zvinhu zvine mumhu mukuru kana zvakaunganidzwa, sokuti, rume, svinga, gadzi, gomana dzikana.

(iii) zvinowanikwa mumuviri wemunhu zvinoyerera seropa, dzihwa neziya.

Chivakashure ichi hachisi pachena sezvakaita zvimwe zvivakashure zvemimwe mipanda, nokudaro chinoiswa muzvikomberedzo (ri-). Chinobuda pasungawirirano, sokuti; demo  rangu  ratyoka. Madzitsi emazita omupanda

5 anotorwa kubva muuwandu hwamazita aya kureva kuti zita romupanda 5 rinotanga raiswa muuzhinji hwaro tozotsvaka dzitsi racho kubva mumupanda 6, nzvanyira yedzitsi iri inoshanduka pakunyora dzitsi. Sokuti:

Zvinoda  kuti  mazita  acho  atange  apinda  mumupanda  6  kuti  tione  kuti  anoshanduka  sei.  Sezvo  tichiti  dzitsi harishanduki, ndizvo zvatinotevedzera kutora dzitsi rinoshanda nemimwe mipanda, sokuti:

matanga                                      chitanga                                     katanga                                       tutanga

Pane kudyanana kwamavara kunoita kuti mavara ashanduke. Mavara anodaidzwa zvine mutinhimira, anoita akareruka pamutinhimira seizvi:

/d/   inoita  /t/ (damba (ri-) + -tamba)                                           /g/ inova /k/ (gomba (ri-) + -kamba)

/b/   inoita /p/ (bango (ri-)  + -pango)                                           /j/  inoita  /ch/ (jira (ri-)   + -chira

Cherechedzo:   Chivakashure (ri-) kana chashanda namadzitsi anoreva vanhu chinenge chava mudanho repiri chichitsanangura, chichipa pfungwa youkuru, kutyisa, kuipa, kushoreka nezvimwe. Semienzaniso: gomana                                                gadzi                                           rume

Mupanda 6

Chivakashure /ma-/

Ndiwo mupanda unowanikwa mazita emupanda 5 kana ava muuzhinji, sokuti:

Mupanda 7

Chivakashure /chi-/

Chivakashure /chi-/ chinoonekwa sa /ch-/ pamadzitsi anotanga nenzvovera. Mienzaniso:

Chivakashure /chi-/ chinowanikwa pane mamwe madzitsi sa /cha-/. Mienzaniso:

Mupanda 8

Chivakashure /zvi-/

Unotora mazita omupanda 7 kana ava muuzhinji, sokuti:

Chivakashure /zvi-/ chinoonekwa sa /zv-/ pamadzitsi anotanga nenzvovera. Mienzaniso:

Mupanda 9

Chivakashure /N-/ kana / Ø-/, /i-/

Chivakashure /N-/ hachionekwi pamazita, asi kuti chinouya nokudaidzwa kunoitwa mazita aya ane ruzha runobuda nomumhino, sokuti:

Kana tichishandisa / N-/ pane shanduko inoonekwa pamavara anotanga dzitsi rezita racho; mavara anodaidzwa zvakareruka anenge akora pakudaidzwa asi achibuda nemumhino, sokuti:

Mazita neZvisazitasingwi

Kureva kuti:

Mavara ose okurudyi akora pakudaidzwa uye anobuda nemumhino.

Mazita aya ose ari muushoma hwawo.

Pane mamwe mazita emupanda 9 ane chivakashure /Ø-/. Aya ndiwo mazita ekuti kana achidaidzwa ruzha harubudi nemumhino. Hazvigoni kuti titi anomirirwa na /N-/. Mienzaniso yemazita aya ndeinotevera:

Chivakashure /i-/ chinowanikwa pamazita mashoma. Muenzaniso:

Mupanda 10

Chivakashure /N-/kana /Ø-/ kana, /dzi-/

Unotora mazita ose emupanda 9 omaisa muuzhinji, sokuti:

Shanduko muuzhinji inoonekwa pasungawirirano. Mazita ose emumupanda 9 anenge ane sungawirirano /i-/, emupanda 10 anenge ane sungawirirano /dzi-/. Somuenzaniso:

nyoka inoruma (9)                                                    nyoka dzinoruma (10) imba inovakwa (9)                                                   dzimba dzinovakwa (10) mhuka inokara (9)                                                    mhuka dzinokara (10)

Cherechedzo:   Tsananguro yechivakashure /N- na / Ø-/ ndiyo imwe chete yapiwa pamupanda 9.

Mupanda 11

Chivakashure  /ru-/

Chivakashure/ru-/ chinova /rw-/ pamadzitsi anotanga nenzvovera, sokuti:

Chivakasure chemupanda uyu kazhinji chinenge chiri mudanho rechipiri chichitsoropodzi. Sokuti:

Chine pamwewo pachinoshanda chiri mudanho rekutanga chisingatsoropodzi. Sokuti;

Mupanda  12

Chivakashure  /ka-/

Kana chiri mudanho rechipiri chinotsanangudza chichipa pfungwa yekusvora kana kudukupisa.

Chivakashure /ka-/ chinowanikwa sa/k-/ kana chichishanda nedzitsi rinotanga nenzvovera. Muenzaniso:

kana                                               k-                                               +                  -ana

Mupanda  13

Chivakashure /tu-/

Chivakashure  ichi  chinoisa  mazita  emupanda  12  muuzhinji  asi  chiri  mudanho  repiri  chichitsanangudza, chichibudisa pfungwa yekudupuka nekushomeka. Sokuti:

Zita                                  Chivakashure chezita                                             Dzitsi rezita tukadzi                                       tu-                                              +                  -kadzi tumbwa  

                                                   tu-                                              +                  -mbwa tumombe  

                                                    tu-                                              +                  -mombe

Chivakashure /tu-/ chinova /tw-/ pazita rine dzitsi rinotanga nenzvovera. Muenzaniso:

Zita                                     Chivakashure chezita                                             Dzitsi rezita

twana                                             tw-                                             +                  -ana

Mupanda 14

Chivakashure  /u-/

Chivakashure /u-/ chinova /hw-/ pamazita ane dzitsi rinotanga nenzvovera. Mienzaniso:

Zita                                     Chivakashure chezita                                             Dzitsi rezita

hwana                                            hw-                                             +                  -ana hwanana                                        hw-                                             +                  -anana hwaro                                            hw-                                             +                  -aro hwenje                                           hw-                                             +                  -enje

Mazita emupanda uyu anoreva zvinhu zvinobatika nezvisingabatiki.

(i)   Zvinobatika

Zita                                     Chivakashure chezita                                             Dzitsi rezita

usavi                                              u-                                               +                  -savi upfu                                               u-                                               +                  -pfu urimbo                                           u-                                               +                  -rimbo hwahwa                                         hw-                                             +                  -ahwa

(ii)  Zvisingabatiki

Zita                                     Chivakashure chezita                                             Dzitsi rezita

Mipanda 16, 17, 17a ne18

Mazita emipanda iyi anoreva nzvimbo.

Mupanda  16

Chivakashure  /pa-/

Nzvimbo iri pamusoro kana pedyo, sokuti:

Mupanda  17

Chivakashure  /ku-/

Mazita emupanda uyu anoreva nzvimbo iri kure, sokuti:

Mupanda  17a

Chivakashure /Ø-/

Mazita emupanda uyu anoreva nzvimbo iri kure asi asina chivakashure chinoonekwa, saka ane /Ø-/, sokuti:

Zita                                     Chivakashure chezita                                             Dzitsi rezita

mberi                                             Ø-                                               +                  -mberi

Mupanda  18

Chivakashure /mu-/

Mukati chaimo menzvimbo, sokuti:

Mupanda  19

Chivakashure /svi-/

Chivakashure  ichi  chinoonekwa  sa/sv-/  pamadzitsi  anotanga  nenzvovera.  Chivakashure  chemupanda  uyu ndechedanho repiri chichibudisa pfungwa yekudupuka. Mienzaniso:

Mupanda  21

Chivakashure /zi-/

Mazita emupanda uyu ari muushoma uye ari mudanho rechipiri. Anobudisa pfungwa yekukura. Mienzaniso:

Nzira dzekuisa mazita mumipanda

Kune nzira dzinoshandiswa kuisa mazita mumipanda yakasiyana.

(a)  Zvivakashure zvakafanana

Kazhinji mazita ane zvivakashure zvakafanana anopinda mumupanda mumwe chete. Sokuti:

(b)  Zvaanoreva zvakafanana

Mazita anoreva zvakafanana anopinda mumupanda mumwe chete, sokuti:

musikana(1) (kureva munhu mumwe)

murume (1) (kureva munhu mumwe)

Kunyangwe  mazita  akaita  zvivakashure  zvakafanana,  kana  asingarevi  zvakafanana  haapindi  mumupanda mumwe chete, sokuti:              musikana (1) (kureva munhu)                    mumba(18) ( kureva nzvimbo)

(c)  Sungano youshoma nouwandu yakafanana

Uku ndiko kudondana kwemipanda yemazita anomirira zvishoma neanomirira zvizhinji.

Kazhinji mazita akange ari muushoma anopinda mumupanda mumwe chete, kana ava muuzhinji onopinda mumupanda unotevera wacho, sokuti:

mukadzi (1)                               vakadzi (2)

muti (3)                                      miti (4)

chikoro (7)                                 zvikoro (8)

(d)  Sungawirirano yakafanana

Uku kuwirirana kwezita nemamwe mazwi arinoshanda nawo muchirevo. Sungawirirano inodondana nemazwi ari kushandiswa.

Sungawirirano yemazita emupanda 1 ndi /a-/, sokuti: Mukadzi uyu anoba.

Mwana  uya afa.

Mukomana kana musikana anochema akapusa.

Sungawirirano yomupanda 2 ndi/va-/

Vanhu vanokara nyama.

Mupanda 7  /ch-/ na /chi-/

Chikosoro chisingaperi chakabvepiko ichi?

Chisazitasingwi

Chinotsiva zita, kureva kuti chinoshanda panzvimbo yezita. Chinogona kushanda pamwe chete nezita kusimbisa pfungwa iri kutaurwa yacho.

Mienzaniso:

Zita:                            Tichafara aenda kumba. Chisazitasingwi:          Iye aenda kumba.

Zita:                              Zvikoro zvavharwa.

Zita nechisazitasingwi: Izvo zvikoro zvavharwa.

Mhando dzezvisazitasingwi

(i)   Zvisazitasingwi zvevanhu

Zvinoshanda nemazita anomirira vanhu.  Izvi ndezvinoti: 

Cherechedzo:   Uzhinji hwechisazitasingwi chemunhu wechitatu,  ivo, hwunopinda pazvisazitasingwi zvemipanda pamavakirwo ndiko saka tisina kuhuisa pamhando yezvisazitasingwi zvavanhu. Mamwe mazita emupanda 1a ane chisazitasingwi  iye asi mamwe ane chisazitasingwi  ivo. Sokuti  iye Tarisai,  ivo baba. Chisazitasingwi ivo chemazita emupanda 1 ane zvisazitasingwi zvevanhu. Sokuti: Iye munhu. Ini mwana. Iwe musikana.

Maumbirwo ezvisazitasingwi zvavanhu

(ii)  Zvisazitasingwi zvemupanda

Izvi ndizvo zvinomirira mimwe mipanda yose:

Maumbirwo ezvisazitasingwi zvemupanda

Nzvovera yokutsigisa /chitsigisi  +  chiratidzamupanda/uwandu   + nzvovera /-o/

i-               +                     -dz-                     +          -o i-               +                     - rw-                   +          -o